Al "Blood" Black, born in 1947, emerged as a prominent figure in the world of Florida's Highwaymen paintings. Initially recruited by Alfred Hair to sell these vibrant artworks, Black transitioned from a career in selling typewriters to becoming a legendary salesman in the art community. His natural charisma and persuasive skills made him a master of charm; as fellow Highwayman artist Mary Ann Carroll noted, "The only paintings he didn't sell were the ones you didn't give him." His salesmanship played a crucial role in the success of the Highwaymen during the bustling art scene of the 1960s and 70s, when thousands of paintings were produced and sold, making art accessible to many and solidifying the Highwaymen's legacy.
Despite the passage of time, Al "Blood" Black remains dedicated to his craft, painting every day and passionately selling his artwork to visitors. He is recognized as the most active surviving artist from the Highwaymen group, ensuring that the spirit of this unique art movement continues to thrive. His paintings often feature three birds in flight, symbolizing the Holy Trinity, while a distinctive "reverse C" shape frames one side of his works. This technique enhances the visual appeal and serves as a quick way to fill space, a hallmark of the Highwaymen style. Interestingly, Black only began painting after the tragic murder of Alfred Hair in 1970, channeling his grief into creating beautiful works of art.
Today, Al "Blood" Black embodies the essence of the Highwaymen, blending artistry with salesmanship. His approach to selling is as spirited as ever, with Carroll's words ringing true: he could
"sell a mosquito an overcoat in the summer." For Black, the completion of a painting is not merely in the brushstrokes but in the successful transaction, making every piece a testament to his relentless pursuit of connecting art with its audience. As he continues to create and sell, Black preserves the Highwaymen legacy and contributes to the rich tapestry of American art history.

Alfred Hair, a pivotal figure in the Highwaymen art movement, was known for his innovative speed painting techniques and entrepreneurial spirit. Born in the 1950s in Fort Pierce, Florida, he was guided by his high school art teacher, Zanobia Jefferson, who recognized his talent and introduced him to renowned artist A. E. Backus. Under Backus's mentorship, Hair honed his skills and developed a unique approach to painting, which involved working on multiple canvases simultaneously. This method allowed him to produce art quickly and affordably, catering to a growing market of new residents and tourists in Florida.
Hair's creativity and ambition led him to establish the "Florida Art Factory," where he and a collective of friends would create vibrant landscapes that captured the essence of Florida's natural beauty.
His distinctive style, characterized by bold colors and impressionistic elements, set his work apart from that of his peers. Notably, Hair's paintings often featured scenes of untouched nature, evoking a sense of freedom and nostalgia. His works, such as "Midnite Surf,' showcased his ability to capture the dynamic interplay of light, color, and emotion, drawing viewers into a dreamlike representation of Florida.
Tragically, Hair's life was cut short at the age of 29 when he was murdered in an act of violence, leaving a profound impact on the Highwaymen collective. Despite his untimely death, his legacy endures through the vibrant art he produced and the innovative techniques he pioneered. Alfred Hair's vision not only shaped the Highwaymen movement but also transformed the landscape of Florida art, making original paintings accessible to a broader audience. His story continues to inspire new generations of artists and art enthusiasts, as the Highwaymen's works receive renewed recognition in contemporary culture.

Alphonso Moran, born on October 14, 1930, in Vero Beach, Florida, was a notable member of the Florida Highwaymen, a group of African-American artists known for their vital and evocative landscape paintings. Moran spent most of his life in Indian River County, where he worked as a barber and house painter. His introduction to the art world came in the 1950s when he began making frames for the renowned landscape artist A. E. "Bean" Backus. This exposure to art inspired Moran to start painting his own landscapes in the late 1960s.
Moran's paintings often depicted the serene beauty of Florida's natural scenery, capturing the essence of the state's lush landscapes and tranquil waterways. Despite his talent, Moran's artistic career was somewhat unconventional. He was also known for his skills as a pool player and professional gambler, which sometimes took precedence over his painting. Nevertheless, his contributions to the Highwaymen's legacy are significant, as he helped other artists like the Buckner brothers and Willie Reagan by providing them with painting supplies and guidance.
Alphonso Moran passed away on March 3, 2003, at the age of 72, due to complications from diabetes. His work remains a testament to his unique vision and the enduring appeal of Florida Highwaymen art. Today, Moran's paintings are celebrated for their historical and cultural significance, reflecting the rich heritage of African-American artists in Florida.

Carnell Smith, born in 1950 in Buckley, West Virginia, faced a challenging childhood marked by family tragedy. After his father was imprisoned, Smith and his siblings moved to Fort Pierce, Florida, to live with their older sister Christine. It was in Fort Pierce that Smith's artistic journey began. He attended Lincoln Park Academy, where his art teacher, Zanobia Jefferson, introduced him to painting. This early exposure to art was further nurtured when his sister Dorothea married Alfred Hair, a founding member of the Florida Highwaymen. Hair's mentorship and the vibrant artistic community in Fort Pierce inspired Smith to pursue painting seriously.
Smith initially supported Hair by making frames and assisting with background and sky painting.
His hard work and dedication paid off, and he soon began creating his own paintings. Smith's work is characterized by its optimistic and vibrant depictions of Florida's landscapes, featuring Poinciana and palm trees. His ability to capture the beauty of the Sunshine State with a positive outlook made his paintings highly sought after. Despite the challenges he faced, Smith's talent and perseverance allowed him to make a living from his art, a testament to his resilience and skill.
In the late 1990s, as the Highwaymen gained renewed recognition, Smith's contributions to the movement were celebrated. He was inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame in 2004, solidifying his place among the greats of Florida's art history. Smith continued to paint and share his love for Florida's natural beauty until his death in 2015. His legacy lives on through his vibrant and uplifting artwork, which continues to inspire and captivate art enthusiasts around the world.

Charles "Chico" Wheeler, born in 1945 in Fort Pierce, Florida, grew up in a community rich with artistic talent. His early life was marked by a strong connection to the natural beauty of Florida, which would later become the central theme of his artwork. Wheeler's journey into painting began in the mid-1960s when he started making frames for Alfred Hair, one of the founding members of the Florida Highwaymen. His friendship with Livingston Roberts, another prominent Highwayman, further influenced his artistic development. Wheeler learned to paint by observing these artists, anc he soon began creating his own vibrant landscapes.
Wheeler's work is distinguished by its unique blend of traditional Highwaymen scenes and everyda life depictions. While he painted the iconic Floridian landscapes of sunsets, palm trees, and coastal views, he also included figures engaged in daily activities, such as picking oranges or walking dowr dirt roads. This approach gave his paintings a lived-in quality that set them apart from those of his peers. His use of bold colors and dynamic compositions brought a sense of movement and life to hi work, making his pieces highly sought-after by collectors.
Despite his success, Wheeler remained a private individual throughout his life. He continued to pain and sell his artwork along Florida's highways, maintaining a connection to the grassroots origins of the Highwaymen. In 2004, he was inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame, recognizing his contributions to the state's cultural heritage. Wheeler passed away in 2019, leaving behind a legacy o richly detailed and evocative paintings that capture the essence of Florida's landscapes and the spiri of its people.

Charles Walker, born in 1945 in Fort Pierce, Florida, developed an early passion for art, beginning to draw at the age of five. He attended Lincoln Park Academy, where he was a student of Zanobia Jefferson, an influential art teacher who also taught several other Highwaymen painters. By ninth grade, Walker had won his first art competition, establishing himself as a talented young artist.
Despite his early interest in art, it wasn't until his twenties that he began to pursue painting as a career. His wife, Gertrude, who was the sister of Highwaymen artist Livingston Roberts, played a significant role in encouraging his artistic endeavors.
Walker distinguished himself from other Highwaymen through his meticulous and detailed approach to painting wildlife and natural scenes. Unlike the fast-painting style commonly associated with the Highwaymen, Walker took his time, sometimes spending up to a month and a half on a single piece.
His works often featured birds, fish, and other animals, depicted with a scientific precision that set his art apart. Walker's dedication to capturing the beauty of Florida's wildlife and landscapes earned him recognition as a major wildlife artist in the 1970s and 1980s, well before the Highwaymen gained broader acclaim.
Throughout his career, Walker continued to evolve as an artist, drawing inspiration from his outdoor explorations, childhood memories, and the natural beauty around Fort Pierce. He was inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame in 2004, a testament to his significant contributions to the art world.
Walker remained active in his craft until his death in 2022, creating one or two paintings a month.
His legacy endures through his richly detailed and evocative depictions of Florida's natural habitats, making him a respected figure among the Highwaymen and in the broader art community.

Curtis Arnett, born in 1950 in Greenville, Florida, is celebrated as one of the youngest members of the Florida Highwaymen, a group of African-American artists renowned for their vivid landscape paintings. Arnett's family moved to Fort Pierce when he was five years old, where he grew up surrounded by the natural beauty that would later inspire his art. His passion for painting began early, sparked by a watercolor set he received from his mother when he was seven. This early interest was further nurtured by his encounters with established artists like A.E. "Bean" Backus and Alfred Hair, who provided him with guidance and materials.
Arnett's artistic journey took off in his teenage years. By the age of 16, he had sold his first painting, and by 17, he was traveling along Florida's highways, selling his works to businesses and offices.
His early paintings featured the quintessential tropical scenes of the Highwaymen, but over time, he expanded his repertoire to include more diverse landscapes of central Florida, such as swamps and seascapes. Influenced by fellow Highwaymen artists like Hezekiah Baker and Robert Butler, Arnett honed his technique and transitioned from oil paints to acrylics in the 1970s, a change that significantly increased the value of his work.
Today, Curtis Arnett is recognized not only for his contributions to the Highwaymen legacy but also for his continued influence in the art world. Inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame in 2004, he remains an active painter and a sought-after speaker and teacher. His works, characterized by their depiction of Florida's enchanting landscapes, continue to captivate audiences and preserve the rich cultural heritage of the Highwaymen.
Al "Blood" Black (1947 -
Al "Blood" Black, born in 1947, emerged as a prominent figure in the world of Florida's Highwaymen paintings. Initially recruited by Alfred Hair to sell these vibrant artworks, Black transitioned from a career in selling typewriters to becoming a legendary salesman in the art community. His natural charisma and persuasive skills made him a master of charm; as fellow Highwayman artist Mary Ann Carroll noted, "The only paintings he didn't sell were the ones you didn't give him." His salesmanship played a crucial role in the success of the Highwaymen during the bustling art scene of the 1960s and 70s, when thousands of paintings were produced and sold, making art accessible to many and solidifying the Highwaymen's legacy.
Despite the passage of time, Al "Blood" Black remains dedicated to his craft, painting every day and passionately selling his artwork to visitors. He is recognized as the most active surviving artist from the Highwaymen group, ensuring that the spirit of this unique art movement continues to thrive. His paintings often feature three birds in flight, symbolizing the Holy Trinity, while a distinctive "reverse C" shape frames one side of his works. This technique enhances the visual appeal and serves as a quick way to fill space, a hallmark of the Highwaymen style. Interestingly, Black only began painting after the tragic murder of Alfred Hair in 1970, channeling his grief into creating beautiful works of art.
Today, Al "Blood" Black embodies the essence of the Highwaymen, blending artistry with salesmanship. His approach to selling is as spirited as ever, with Carroll's words ringing true: he could
"sell a mosquito an overcoat in the summer." For Black, the completion of a painting is not merely in the brushstrokes but in the successful transaction, making every piece a testament to his relentless pursuit of connecting art with its audience. As he continues to create and sell, Black preserves the Highwaymen legacy and contributes to the rich tapestry of American art history.

Ellis Buckner, the youngest of the two Buckner brothers, was a gifted artist who, along with his brother George, became a prominent member of the Florida Highwaymen. Both brothers turned to painting as a means to support their large family of 12 after their father's death forced them to leave school as teenagers. Before discovering painting, they tried various jobs, including selling vegetables and fish, working as pickers in orange groves, painting signs, cutting lawns, detailing cars, and running a barbecue shop. Their lives changed when Ellis encountered Harold Newton painting, which inspired him to pursue art as a profession. With lessons from Newton and encouragement from Alfred Hair and other early Highwaymen, Ellis began painting and selling his work, quickly earning enough to support his family and gaining recognition for his quality work.
The Buckner brothers were known for their ability to capture the luminescence and nuances of Florida's ever-changing skies. They skillfully used light, sun, clouds, and shadows to create a transcendent quality in their paintings, setting their work apart from other Highwaymen. After their father's death, George and Ellis took on various jobs to support their family, but their encounters with Harold Newton inspired them to start painting. George, an accomplished musician, and Ellis both realized that painting could be more profitable than their previous pursuits. Their dedication to their craft and their ability to capture the beauty of Florida's landscapes made their work some of the best among the Highwaymen.
Throughout their careers, the Buckner brothers continually improved their techniques, eventually moving from Upson Board to canvas. George sought guidance from A.E. Backus, whose mentorship helped him become one of the most technically accomplished Highwaymen painters. Today, George Buckner is celebrated for his exquisite detail and precise execution, with his work standing out among his contemporaries. The Buckner brothers' legacy is marked by their exceptional ability to capture the essence of Florida's natural beauty, making them respected figures in the art community.

George Buckner (1942-2002) was a talented artist whose journey began in a challenging family environment. After the death of their father, George, the eldest of twelve siblings, and his younger brother Ellis had to leave school and take on various jobs to support their family. They worked in multiple sectors, including picking citrus, construction, lawn care, and even running a barbecue shop.
Despite these hardships, George found solace and passion in music, mastering the piano, guitar, and saxophone, and playing in a local band
Their artistic journey took a significant turn when they observed a local painter, Harold Newton.
Inspired by Newton's work, George and Ellis decided to learn painting, realizing that it could provide a more stable income than their previous endeavors. They dedicated themselves to refining their skills, transitioning from traditional Upson Board to canvas, and eventually sought guidance from the esteemed artist A.E. Backus, whom George deeply admired.
Today, George Buckner is celebrated as one of the most technically proficient Highwaymen painters.
His artworks are distinguished by their exquisite detail and meticulous execution, particularly noted for the captivating skies and clouds that breathe life into his landscapes. The shimmering quality of his paintings, with compositions often framed in distinctive "C" shapes and featuring their signatures etched into wet paint, has earned him a revered place among his contemporaries in the Highwaymen movement.

Harold Newton, the first and perhaps finest of the Highwaymen, left an indelible mark on the art world through his unique approach and remarkable talent. Known for his ability to create three to four paintings a day, he was revered by fellow artists who looked up to him for inspiration and skill.
Unlike the French Impressionists who painted outdoors from life, Newton and his colleagues often painted from memory in makeshift studios, capturing the essence of Florida's landscapes. His work not only showcased the natural beauty of the region but also reflected a deep emotional connection with the environment, as he adeptly rendered scenes of the St. Lucie River and other iconic locales with vibrant colors and dynamic brushwork.
One of Newton's signature styles involved the use of the "alla prima" technique, where paint is applied in a wet-on-wet manner, allowing colors to blend directly on the canvas. This method enabled him to work swiftly, creating evocative pieces that conveyed the ever-changing moods of Florida's skies and landscapes. His later works, such as those painted on Masonite after Upson Boal became unavailable, demonstrate his evolution as an artist while retaining the hallmark qualities of his earlier creations. Newton's distinctive palette knife work and impressionistic flair not only set hin apart as a master artist but also influenced the entire Highwaymen movement, which sought to ma art accessible and affordable.
Throughout his career, Newton faced the challenges of being a Black artist at a time when galleries predominantly favored White artists. He innovated by selling his paintings directly to customers, pioneering a new sales approach that would become the hallmark of the Highwaymen.
His mentorship to fellow artists, including his brothers Samuel and Lemuel Newton, as well as contemporaries like Alfred Hair and Roy McLendon, helped shape a legacy that transcended individual achievements. Today, the works created by Harold Newton and his Highwaymen peers a celebrated not only for their artistic merit but also for their historical significance, capturing a uniqu narrative of resilience and creativity in the face of adversity.

Hezekiah Baker (1940-2007) was a prominent figure in the Florida Highwaymen art movement, known for his vibrant landscapes that captured the essence of Florida's natural beauty. Born to sharecropping parents in Savannah, Georgia, Baker's journey into the art world began when he met fellow artists Harold Newton and Roy McLendon. His life took a pivotal turn when Alfred Hair encouraged him to shift from portrait painting to landscapes, a decision that would define his artistic career. Baker's works are characterized by their kaleidoscopic colors and dynamic brushwork, evoking a sense of an idyllic paradise filled with mystical tropical wonders.
In a 2001 New York Times interview, Baker reflected on the creative process of the Highwaymen, emphasizing their improvisational approach to art. The Highwaymen, often categorized as "Outside Artists" or "Folk Artists," challenged conventional definitions in the art world, producing an astonishing number of paintings over several decades. Despite facing challenges related to race and recognition, Baker and his contemporaries carved out a unique space in the art community, contributing to an emerging art movement that celebrated the beauty of Florida's landscapes. Their story, while initially overlooked, has garnered increasing attention and appreciation over the years.
Throughout his life, Baker balanced traditional jobs with his passion for painting. In the 1980s and 1990s, as interest in the Highwaymen waned, he opened a restaurant called "House of Foods" in Fort Pierce to support himself. However, with renewed interest in the Highwaymen spurred by art critic Jim Fitch, Baker was able to return to painting, reigniting his true love. His timeless river scenes and depictions of Florida's lush landscapes continue to resonate, inviting viewers into a world where nature reigns supreme, and the essence of the Florida wilderness is captured in vivid detail.

Isaac Knight was a prominent member of the Florida Highwaymen, a collective of self-taught African-American artists who gained recognition in the 1960s for their vibrant landscapes that captured the essence of Florida's natural beauty. Born in 1936 in Fort Pierce, Florida, Knight grew up surrounded by the lush scenery of the state, which would later serve as his primary inspiration. He began painting at an early age, influenced by the works of other local artists and the breathtaking vistas of the Everglades, beaches, and orange groves that characterized the region.
Knight's artistic journey was marked by a deep connection to his community and a desire to share the beauty of Florida with a broader audience. He often sold his paintings along the highway, hence the name "Highwaymen." His work, characterized by bold colors and expressive brushstrokes, depicted not only natural landscapes but also the cultural essence of Florida. Over the years, Knight's art evolved, reflecting a more personal style that embraced both realism and impressionism, allowing viewers to experience the warmth and vibrancy of the Sunshine State.
Despite facing numerous challenges as an African-American artist in a racially segregated society, Knight's determination and talent led to significant recognition. He participated in various exhibitions and art shows, gaining a loyal following and elevating the status of the Highwaymen. Today, Isaac Knight's legacy lives on as a symbol of resilience and creativity, inspiring future generations of artists to explore their own roots and share their unique perspectives through art.

James Gibson was a significant figure among a group of talented Black artists who emerged in Florida during the vibrant art scene of the 1960s and 1970s. Joining the collective as perhaps its fourth member, Gibson dedicated himself to painting Florida landscapes, consistently producing art even during the challenging economic periods of the 1980s and 1990s. His remarkable business savvy complemented his artistic gifts, allowing him to paint rapidly while maintaining a keen awareness of marketable colors and styles. In a time when paintings could sell as quickly as they were created-often while the paint was still wet-Gibson thrived within the innovative business model devised by his mentor, Alfred Hair. For these young artists, creating beautiful works of art not only provided a path away from oppressive labor but also became an exhilarating experience that empowered them in unprecedented ways.
Gibson's journey in the arts began with a letter from his school friend Alfred Hair, who encouraged him to explore a promising entrepreneurial venture in painting. This led to Gibson returning to Fort Pierce, where he immersed himself in the art world, learning from Hair, Harold Newton, Roy McLendon, and occasionally Bean Backus. The camaraderie between Gibson and Hair was marked by friendly competitiveness; they would even lift weights together to enhance their painting speed and endurance. Gibson famously boasted about creating 100 paintings in a single day to win a bet, showcasing both his remarkable skill and work ethic. Throughout his adult life, he evolved his artistic style and methods, becoming a prominent figure in Florida's art community.
Known for his distinctive style, kind heart, and snappy dress, James Gibson earned the title of the Ambassador of Art for Florida. His body of work and personality set him apart within the collective of Highwaymen artists, making him a beloved figure in the art scene. His contributions not only enriched the cultural landscape of Florida but also served as an inspiring example of how creativity, business acumen, and community spirit can coalesce to create something truly extraordinary.

John Maynor, born in 1948 in Springfield, Georgia, moved to Fort Pierce, Florida, with his family in
1957. Growing up in this vibrant community, he was surrounded by the burgeoning group of African-American artists who would later be known as the Florida Highwaymen. Inspired by the natural beauty of Florida's landscapes and the artistic environment around him, Maynor developed a passion for painting from a young age. He was particularly influenced by Alfred Hair and Harold Newton, the pioneers of the Highwaymen style, and received informal mentorship from artists like Livingston Roberts and Sam Newton.
Maynor's artistic journey was marked by his unique approach to the Highwaymen's fast-painting technique. He became known for his textured renderings of Florida's lush landscapes, often using thick layers of paint applied with a palette knife to create a sense of depth and movement. His works frequently featured iconic scenes of swamps, seascapes, and Poinciana trees, capturing the essence of Florida's natural beauty. In addition to his landscape paintings, Maynor also worked as a commercial artist, painting signs for businesses in the Fort Pierce area, which helped sustain his career during periods when the demand for Highwaymen art waned
Despite being one of the lesser-known members of the Highwaymen, Maynor's contributions to the art world were significant. His work was eventually recognized on a national level, with pieces like "Two Egrets in a Swamp, Poinciana Trees" being included in the permanent collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture. Inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame in 2004, Maynor continued to paint until his death in 2016. His legacy lives on through his evocative depictions of Florida's landscapes, which continue to inspire and captivate art enthusiasts.

Johnny Daniels was a talented and passionate artist whose journey began in the creative environment fostered by his older brother, Willie. As a teenager, Willie joined a group of artists, which eventually led to Johnny's involvement as well. He spent his early years building frames and prepping Upson boards, all while enjoying the camaraderie of fellow artists and the lively atmosphere of backyard barbecues, Inspired by his brother's friend Alfred Hair, Johnny adopted Hair's fast painting technique, which significantly influenced his artistic development. Additionally, through Willie's connections with Livingston Roberts and Sam Newton, Johnny had the privilege of learning from seasoned artists, positioning him as one of the group's earliest members.
Renowned for his expressive style and larger canvas works, Johnny Daniels distinguished himself with a unique artistic voice. His paintings were characterized by meticulous brushwork and vibrant colors, often depicting dramatic skies and the rich wildlife of Florida, particularly birds. This unique focus on diverse subject matter helped him carve out a niche in the art world, and his works gained considerable recognition among collectors and art enthusiasts. Despite his untimely passing at the age of 54, Johnny's contributions to the art community remained significant, making him one of the most prolific artists in his circle.
In addition to his own artistic achievements, Johnny Daniels played a crucial role in mentoring the next generation of Highwaymen artists. His dedication to fostering new talent ensured that the rich legacy of the Highwaymen continued, inspiring young artists to explore their creativity and develop their own unique styles. Johnny's passion for art and his commitment to nurturing others solidified his place in the history of Florida's art scene, leaving behind a lasting impact that transcended his lifetime.

Lem Newton, the youngest of the three Newton brothers, began his painting journey in the late 1960s after moving to Fort Pierce, Florida. Both he and his brother Sam were taught by their older brother Harold, who was already gaining recognition as a successful landscape painter. Lemuel, along with Willie Daniels, initially worked with Alfred Hair, preparing Upson boards for painting. Although less prolific than his elder brothers, Lem's art was heavily influenced by Harold, and the distinctive
"Newton Brothers" style was evident in his work. Lem deeply admired Harold, once stating in an interview, "Sam and I wouldn't know anything about painting if it weren't for Harold. All the painters wouldn't know anything about painting if it weren't for Harold."
Lem Newton was known for his meticulous approach to painting, valuing the quality of his work above all. He created classic Highwaymen scenes featuring flame trees, swamps, palms, beaches, and sunsets, with keen attention to detail and a warm, inviting color palette. Despite his talent, Lem drifted away from painting during the 1970s and 80s when the market for Highwaymen art slowed.
However, he made a significant return to painting in the late 1990s, spurred by a renewed interest in the Highwaymen's work. His dedication to his craft and his ability to capture the essence of Florida's landscapes made his paintings highly sought after.
Alfred Hair (1941-1970)
Alfred Hair, a pivotal figure in the Highwaymen art movement, was known for his innovative speed painting techniques and entrepreneurial spirit. Born in the 1950s in Fort Pierce, Florida, he was guided by his high school art teacher, Zanobia Jefferson, who recognized his talent and introduced him to renowned artist A. E. Backus. Under Backus's mentorship, Hair honed his skills and developed a unique approach to painting, which involved working on multiple canvases simultaneously. This method allowed him to produce art quickly and affordably, catering to a growing market of new residents and tourists in Florida.
Hair's creativity and ambition led him to establish the "Florida Art Factory," where he and a collective of friends would create vibrant landscapes that captured the essence of Florida's natural beauty.
His distinctive style, characterized by bold colors and impressionistic elements, set his work apart from that of his peers. Notably, Hair's paintings often featured scenes of untouched nature, evoking a sense of freedom and nostalgia. His works, such as "Midnite Surf,' showcased his ability to capture the dynamic interplay of light, color, and emotion, drawing viewers into a dreamlike representation of Florida.
Tragically, Hair's life was cut short at the age of 29 when he was murdered in an act of violence, leaving a profound impact on the Highwaymen collective. Despite his untimely death, his legacy endures through the vibrant art he produced and the innovative techniques he pioneered. Alfred Hair's vision not only shaped the Highwaymen movement but also transformed the landscape of Florida art, making original paintings accessible to a broader audience. His story continues to inspire new generations of artists and art enthusiasts, as the Highwaymen's works receive renewed recognition in contemporary culture.

Robert L. Lewis, born in 1941 in Cocoa, Florida, is a distinguished member of the Florida Highwaymen, a group of African-American artists known for their vibrant depictions of Florida's natural landscapes. Growing up as the third of six siblings, Lewis discovered his passion for art after a sports injury in high school led him to take an art class. His talent quickly blossomed under the guidance of his art teacher, Alberta Leisure, who introduced him to the works of Harold Newton, a prominent Highwaymen artist.
Lewis pursued his artistic education at Florida A&M University, where he graduated with a degree in Art Education in 1966. He initially worked as an illustrator for Boeing but soon transitioned to teaching, dedicating 32 years to art education in Brevard County schools. Throughout his career, Lewis continued to paint and sell his artwork, capturing the essence of Florida's landscapes, coastal scenes, and interior vistas. His bold use of color and dynamic compositions have made his work highly recognizable and celebrated.
In addition to his contributions as an artist, Lewis has been a passionate advocate for art education.
He has taught at various community organizations and colleges, sharing his knowledge and inspiring new generations of artists. His work has been exhibited in prestigious venues, including the Smithsonian, and he was inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame in 2004. Today, Robert L. Lewis continues to live and paint in Cocoa, Florida, remaining an influential figure in the art community.
Hezekiah Baker (1940-2007)
Hezekiah Baker (1940-2007) was a prominent figure in the Florida Highwaymen art movement, known for his vibrant landscapes that captured the essence of Florida's natural beauty. Born to sharecropping parents in Savannah, Georgia, Baker's journey into the art world began when he met fellow artists Harold Newton and Roy McLendon. His life took a pivotal turn when Alfred Hair encouraged him to shift from portrait painting to landscapes, a decision that would define his artistic career. Baker's works are characterized by their kaleidoscopic colors and dynamic brushwork, evoking a sense of an idyllic paradise filled with mystical tropical wonders.
In a 2001 New York Times interview, Baker reflected on the creative process of the Highwaymen, emphasizing their improvisational approach to art. The Highwaymen, often categorized as "Outside Artists" or "Folk Artists," challenged conventional definitions in the art world, producing an astonishing number of paintings over several decades. Despite facing challenges related to race and recognition, Baker and his contemporaries carved out a unique space in the art community, contributing to an emerging art movement that celebrated the beauty of Florida's landscapes. Their story, while initially overlooked, has garnered increasing attention and appreciation over the years.
Throughout his life, Baker balanced traditional jobs with his passion for painting. In the 1980s and 1990s, as interest in the Highwaymen waned, he opened a restaurant called "House of Foods" in Fort Pierce to support himself. However, with renewed interest in the Highwaymen spurred by art critic Jim Fitch, Baker was able to return to painting, reigniting his true love. His timeless river scenes and depictions of Florida's lush landscapes continue to resonate, inviting viewers into a world where nature reigns supreme, and the essence of the Florida wilderness is captured in vivid detail.

Mary Ann Carroll (1940-2019) was a pioneering figure among the group of African-American artists known as the Florida Highwaymen. As the only female in this collective, she faced significant obstacles yet emerged as a tenacious force driven by grit, determination, and unwavering faith in God. Born in Georgia to sharecropper parents, Mary Ann moved to Fort Pierce, Florida, shortly after World War II. Her life took a pivotal turn at the age of 16 when she met Harold Newton, the first Highwayman painter. Captivated by his flame-painted car and his artistic talent, she learned about painting and was inspired to pursue her own artistic career.
Under Newton's mentorship, Mary Ann quickly honed her skills, selling her first painting at just 18 years old-a remarkable achievement for a young Black woman in the South at the time. As she became more involved with the Highwaymen, she began driving her fellow artists to sell their works, which provided her with a sense of belonging within the group. Despite the financial challenges of her early life-her husband earned only $30 a week while she sold her paintings for $70—Mary Ann's passion for art propelled her forward, and she never stopped painting.
Throughout her journey, Mary Ann maintained a deep faith in God, which served as her anchor during difficult times. She often attributed her resilience to the wisdom and strength she believed God had granted her. For her, painting was not just a profession but a deeply spiritual experience, allowing her to celebrate the beauty of nature as a form of praise and gratitude. Even after a painful divorce that left her as a single mother of seven, Mary Ann found solace and purpose in her art, dedicating long nights to painting and days to selling her work while ensuring her children were cared for.
In the 1990s, the Highwaymen gained newfound recognition, bringing Mary Ann's talent into the spotlight. Her contributions were later celebrated when she was inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame in 2004.
Roy McLendon (1932-2024)
Roy McLendon was a notable figure in the Highwaymen artists group, moving to Gifford, Florida from Georgia in the 1950s. Inspired by his neighbor, Harold Newton, who painted outdoors, Roy rekindled his childhood passion for painting and began creating landscapes. Over the years, he developed a diverse portfolio that included still lifes, figures, cabins, and scenes depicting everyday life in rural coastal Florida. His paintings captured moments such as women washing laundry outside and people fishing, showcasing the simplicity and beauty of life in his community. Roy's friendships with fellow artists like Alfred Hair further enriched his artistic journey, though he chose not to adopt Hair's rapid painting techniques.
Throughout his career, Roy often painted familiar scenes, such as a moonlit sailboat on the Indian River, experimenting with various lighting and moods. In his later years, he transitioned to canvas and painted with a meticulous touch, producing highly sought-after works. He was known for his gentle demeanor and passion for his craft, emphasizing that he simply "loves to paint." This dedication to his art allowed him to create enduring pieces that resonated with viewers, leaving a lasting legacy within the Highwaymen collective and beyond.
The Highwaymen, including Roy McLendon, were instrumental in capturing the essence of Florida's landscapes, often painting "Firesky" scenes that showcased the state's natural beauty. Roy frequently depicted tall, solitary pine trees, feeding egrets, and marshlands, creating compelling artwork on old Upson board. Their collective work not only served as a means of livelihood but also chronicled Florida's vanishing environments. Through their vibrant paintings, the Highwaymen established a unique artistic voice, celebrating and preserving the enchanting beauty of Florida for future generations.

Robert L. Lewis, born in 1941 in Cocoa, Florida, is a distinguished member of the Florida Highwaymen, a group of African-American artists known for their vibrant depictions of Florida's natural landscapes. Growing up as the third of six siblings, Lewis discovered his passion for art after a sports injury in high school led him to take an art class. His talent quickly blossomed under the guidance of his art teacher, Alberta Leisure, who introduced him to the works of Harold Newton, a prominent Highwaymen artist.
Lewis pursued his artistic education at Florida A&M University, where he graduated with a degree in Art Education in 1966. He initially worked as an illustrator for Boeing but soon transitioned to teaching, dedicating 32 years to art education in Brevard County schools. Throughout his career, Lewis continued to paint and sell his artwork, capturing the essence of Florida's landscapes, coastal scenes, and interior vistas. His bold use of color and dynamic compositions have made his work highly recognizable and celebrated.
In addition to his contributions as an artist, Lewis has been a passionate advocate for art education.
He has taught at various community organizations and colleges, sharing his knowledge and inspiring new generations of artists. His work has been exhibited in prestigious venues, including the Smithsonian, and he was inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame in 2004. Today, Robert L. Lewis continues to live and paint in Cocoa, Florida, remaining an influential figure in the art community.

Robert Butler was a prominent figure among the Florida Highwaymen, a group of African-American artists who emerged in the 1950s and became known for their vibrant landscapes depicting the natural beauty of Florida. Butler honed his artistic skills from a young age, often drawing inspiration from his surroundings. He was largely self-taught, learning techniques through observation and practice, which allowed him to develop a unique style characterized by bold colors and sweeping vistas. His work often featured the lush landscapes of Florida, including sunsets, palm trees, and serene waterways, capturing the essence of the state's natural environment.
As a member of the Highwaymen, Butler, along with his contemporaries, sought to promote their art by selling directly to the public, often setting up their easels along the roadside. This unconventional approach not only provided them with a means of livelihood but also helped them break barriers in the predominantly White art market of the time. Butler's paintings gained recognition for their emotional depth and vivid portrayal of Florida's scenery, resonating with both local collectors and art enthusiasts. Over the years, his work has been featured in numerous exhibitions, contributing to the growing appreciation for the Highwaymen movement.
In addition to his artistic contributions, Butler's legacy is significant in the context of African-American history and the representation of Black artists in the United States. His commitment to his craft and his role in the Highwaymen have helped to reshape the narrative around American art, illustrating the importance of diverse voices and experiences. Today, Robert Butler's paintings are celebrated not only for their beauty but also for their cultural significance, symbolizing both a personal journey and a broader movement toward the recognition of underrepresented artists.

Rodney Demps was captivated by art since childhood. His journey began at Lincoln Park Academy, where he took art classes under the guidance of Zanobia Jefferson, who had previously taught notable artist Alfred Hair. Jefferson introduced Demps to the renowned painter A. E. "Bean" Backus, allowing him to observe Backus at work. "I started my artwork at Lincoln Park Academy in a class of seniors (8th graders),' Demps recalled. This mentorship proved invaluable, as he learned the intricacies of oil painting, which initially felt messy but became more refined with practice. Through Backus, he met Hair, who would teach him how to build frames and eventually encouraged him to paint the expansive Florida skies. Demps painted various scenes, including coastal landscapes.
Following Hair's untimely passing in 1970, Demps continued to create art for several years before deciding to return to academia. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Health, Physical Education, and Fitness, later achieving a Master of Education in 1980. His academic pursuits were complemented by a two-year commitment to the U.S. Marine Corps, which shaped his identity as a Marine more than that of an artist. This dual identity influenced his artistic expression and approach to life, ultimately enriching his body of work.
Rodney Demps' art is celebrated for its distinctiveness and ethereal surrealism. His early landscapes, influenced by Hair, feature a unique blend of speed painting techniques and Demps' own surrealistic style, emphasizing light, movement, and vibrant color. Each piece serves as a testament to his growth as an artist and his deep-rooted passion for capturing the beauty of Florida's landscapes.

Roy McLendon was a notable figure in the Highwaymen artists group, moving to Gifford, Florida from Georgia in the 1950s. Inspired by his neighbor, Harold Newton, who painted outdoors, Roy rekindled his childhood passion for painting and began creating landscapes. Over the years, he developed a diverse portfolio that included still lifes, figures, cabins, and scenes depicting everyday life in rural coastal Florida. His paintings captured moments such as women washing laundry outside and people fishing, showcasing the simplicity and beauty of life in his community. Roy's friendships with fellow artists like Alfred Hair further enriched his artistic journey, though he chose not to adopt Hair's rapid painting techniques.
Throughout his career, Roy often painted familiar scenes, such as a moonlit sailboat on the Indian River, experimenting with various lighting and moods. In his later years, he transitioned to canvas and painted with a meticulous touch, producing highly sought-after works. He was known for his gentle demeanor and passion for his craft, emphasizing that he simply "loves to paint." This dedication to his art allowed him to create enduring pieces that resonated with viewers, leaving a lasting legacy within the Highwaymen collective and beyond.
The Highwaymen, including Roy McLendon, were instrumental in capturing the essence of Florida's landscapes, often painting "Firesky" scenes that showcased the state's natural beauty. Roy frequently depicted tall, solitary pine trees, feeding egrets, and marshlands, creating compelling artwork on old Upson board. Their collective work not only served as a means of livelihood but also chronicled Florida's vanishing environments. Through their vibrant paintings, the Highwaymen established a unique artistic voice, celebrating and preserving the enchanting beauty of Florida for future generations.

The younger Newton brothers, Sam and Lem, greatly benefited from their older brother Harold's pioneering efforts in the art world. Harold not only set a high standard for quality but also provided a template for creating and marketing saleable scenes. Both Sam and Lem were taught to paint by Harold, who was an exceptional teacher and mentor to them and other Highwaymen artists.
The Newton brothers' works exhibit striking similarities in technique and style, particularly in their brushwork, palette knife application, and color usage. Their paintings, often spectacular, reflect their pride in their craft and their ability to make a living doing something they loved.
Harold's influence on Sam Newton was profound. Being 14 years younger, Sam began painting in his teenage years under Harold's guidance, quickly developing into a skilled artist by his early twenties. Sam's love for nature and wildlife is evident in his detailed depictions of Florida's natural beauty on Upson board, Masonite, or canvas. Known for his meticulous approach, Sam's paintings closely resemble Harold's, showcasing his ability to capture similar scenes with remarkable accuracy Despite being identified as one of the 26 Highwaymen by the Florida Department of Arts and Culture in 2004, Sam distances himself from the group, preferring to be recognized for his individual contributions. The Highwaymen's legacy, including Sam's work, is celebrated for its determination, inspiration, and artistic beauty, representing a unique American Dream story.
One of the most impressive aspects of the Highwaymen artists, including Sam Newton, is their ability to paint from imagination or memory. Their works revolve around themes such as beach scenes, poinciana trees, the Everglades, rivers, moonlit nights, and stormy skies, all capturing the essence of their surroundings. Unlike the French Impressionists, these artists often created their works in home studios. During periods when art sales slowed, many Highwaymen pursued other careers, but Sam continued to paint for a living and remains active today. He has collaborated with artists like Willie Reagan, Livingston Roberts, and Rodney Demps, who described Sam as "hyper, with a lot of talent." Sam Newton is admired for his richly detailed works and expansive use of color, making him one of the most prolific and respected artists among the Highwaymen.

Sylvester Wells, born in 1938 in Jacksonville, Florida, was the fifth of ten children in a devoutly religious family. From a young age, he showed a keen interest in art, spending much of his childhood drawing and sketching. After graduating from high school, Wells joined the U.S. Army and was stationed in France, where he continued to hone his artistic skills. Upon returning to the United States, he settled in Cocoa, Florida, with his wife Consuela. It was here that he encountered Alfred Hair, a founding member of the Florida Highwaymen, who inspired him to pursue landscape painting.
Wells initially struggled with landscape painting, but with guidance from Harold and Sam Newton, he quickly improved. He adopted the Highwaymen's techniques, using Upson Board and crown molding frames to keep costs low. Wells became known for his vibrant depictions of Florida sunsets, palm trees, and ocean scenes, often selling his work door-to-door and along highways. His dedication to his craft and his ability to capture the beauty of Florida's landscapes earned him a place among the original 26 Florida Highwaymen.
In his later years, Wells shifted his focus to ministry, devoting much of his time to Bible study and preaching. Despite losing his sight to glaucoma, he remained a respected figure in the art community until he died in 2023. Wells' work is celebrated for its technical skill and emotional depth, with pieces like "Cracker Cabin" included in the permanent collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture. His legacy continues to inspire and captivate art enthusiasts, reflecting his lifelong passion for both art and faith.

Willie Daniels is a prominent figure in the world of Florida art, having grown up near legendary artists like Roy McLendon, Mary Ann Carroll, and Harold Newton. This fortunate circumstance allowed him to learn from these masters, absorbing their techniques and artistic philosophies from a young age. He also integrated the speed painting methods of Alfred Hair into his practice, enabling him to produce vivid and detailed representations of Florida's stunning landscapes, including its coastlines, rivers, and savannas. Over time, Daniels honed his skills on both canvas and board, establishing himself as a versatile and talented artist.
After taking a hiatus from painting to work various odd jobs, Daniels re-emerged in the late 1990s at a time when the Highwaymen-an ensemble of African-American landscape artists-—were gaining renewed recognition. Initially dismissed by critics as creators of "hotel art," these artists, including Daniels, were primarily focused on making a living through their craft. Their prolific output and dedication to their art allowed them to thrive and become part of what is often referred to as "The last great American Art movement of the 20th Century.' The collective effort of the Highwaymen has cemented their place in the annals of art history.
The revival of interest in the Highwaymen can be attributed in part to Florida art researcher Jim Fitch, who uncovered their story after hearing rumors about a group of African-American artists in Fort Pierce. His efforts led to the coining of the name "The Highwaymen" and ignited a series of events that brought them national attention. In 1995, reporter Jeff Klinkenberg joined Fitch in his quest to document these artists, culminating in the first newspaper article that highlighted their work. This newfound visibility led to a resurgence of their paintings, which had been hidden away for decades, and sparked further exploration of their legacy, including multiple films and documentaries currently in development.
Isaac Knight (1941-2022)
Isaac Knight was a prominent member of the Florida Highwaymen, a collective of self-taught African-American artists who gained recognition in the 1960s for their vibrant landscapes that captured the essence of Florida's natural beauty. Born in 1936 in Fort Pierce, Florida, Knight grew up surrounded by the lush scenery of the state, which would later serve as his primary inspiration. He began painting at an early age, influenced by the works of other local artists and the breathtaking vistas of the Everglades, beaches, and orange groves that characterized the region.
Knight's artistic journey was marked by a deep connection to his community and a desire to share the beauty of Florida with a broader audience. He often sold his paintings along the highway, hence the name "Highwaymen." His work, characterized by bold colors and expressive brushstrokes, depicted not only natural landscapes but also the cultural essence of Florida. Over the years, Knight's art evolved, reflecting a more personal style that embraced both realism and impressionism, allowing viewers to experience the warmth and vibrancy of the Sunshine State.
Despite facing numerous challenges as an African-American artist in a racially segregated society, Knight's determination and talent led to significant recognition. He participated in various exhibitions and art shows, gaining a loyal following and elevating the status of the Highwaymen. Today, Isaac Knight's legacy lives on as a symbol of resilience and creativity, inspiring future generations of artists to explore their own roots and share their unique perspectives through art.